Cells are in a constant state of motion, shaping and reshaping themselves to form living organisms. Whether dividing, healing wounds, or building tissues, these microscopic movements depend on chemical signals that coordinate precise mechanical actions. Scientists have recently taken control of these processes using light, paving the way for programmable synthetic cells.

Living organisms, from bacteria to humans, rely on cellular shape changes for survival. These transformations are powered by a complex interaction between chemical signals and internal muscle-like fibers. This process, known as chemo-mechanical signaling, is responsible for crucial biological functions, including embryonic development and tissue repair. However, studying these intricate processes has been challenging, as researchers need a way to control the timing and strength of chemical signals inside cells. To address this, scientists have turned to optogenetics—a technique that uses light to manipulate biological functions.

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